Infectious Diseases

Vaccine Research and Development

Vaccines are among the most powerful tools in preventing infectious diseases and have saved millions of lives globally. Vaccine research and development (R&D) involves complex processes including pathogen identification, antigen discovery, preclinical testing, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and manufacturing. Traditional vaccines use inactivated or live-attenuated organisms, while newer platforms include mRNA, viral vectors, and protein subunits. The success of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated interest in adaptable, rapid-response vaccine platforms. Challenges in vaccine development include pathogen variability, immune evasion, storage requirements, and ensuring safety and efficacy across diverse populations. Equitable access to vaccines remains a global concern, especially in low-resource settings. Continued investment in basic immunology, biotechnology, and public-private partnerships is essential. Future innovations may include universal vaccines, thermostable formulations, and personalized immunization strategies. Strong regulatory frameworks and global coordination are vital to ensure safe, effective, and timely vaccine delivery.