Infectious Diseases

HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the body’s immune system and, if untreated, can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sex, blood exposure, or from mother to child during childbirth. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows people with HIV to live longer, healthier lives, but access and adherence remain global challenges. Alongside HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and HPV continue to affect millions worldwide. STIs can cause severe reproductive health complications, increase HIV transmission risk, and often remain undiagnosed due to a lack of symptoms. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant STIs adds urgency to control efforts. Prevention strategies include safer sex practices, routine screening, timely treatment, and vaccination programs (e.g., HPV vaccine). Education, stigma reduction, and access to sexual health services are essential for reducing transmission and improving health outcomes.