Infectious Diseases

Respiratory Tract Infections: Viral and Bacterial Perspectives

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) affect the airways and lungs and are among the most common causes of illness worldwide. They are classified into upper (e.g., colds, sinusitis) and lower (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis) respiratory infections and can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Common pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses. RTIs can range from mild to life-threatening, particularly in the elderly, infants, or immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis often relies on clinical symptoms, though rapid diagnostic tools and imaging may be needed for severe cases. Antibiotics are effective for bacterial infections but not for viral ones—highlighting the importance of accurate diagnosis and responsible prescribing. Vaccination, hygiene measures, and smoking cessation play crucial roles in prevention. Continued surveillance, research into emerging strains, and public health education are essential to managing the burden of respiratory infections globally.