Infectious Diseases

Tuberculosis and Mycobacterial Diseases

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs such as the spine, kidneys, and brain. TB spreads through airborne particles and thrives in overcrowded or resource-limited settings. Despite the availability of effective antibiotics, TB control is hampered by drug resistance, with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains posing significant treatment challenges. In addition to TB, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as important pathogens, especially in individuals with underlying lung conditions or weakened immunity. Diagnosis of mycobacterial infections can be complex and often delayed due to slow-growing organisms and non-specific symptoms. Enhancing diagnostic tools, promoting treatment adherence, and strengthening public health strategies are essential for managing TB and related diseases. Vaccination, early detection, and improved access to care remain critical in reducing transmission and mortality.