13^th Euro-Global Conference on Infectious Diseases October 11-12, 2021 London, UK

Biography:

Xuan Weng’s primary research focus on Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip in the fields of biomedical, food safety and environmental monitoring for the point-of-care (POC) applications. Within this work frame, she has conducted many projects on microfluidic system development towards portable devices capable of rapid, accurate, automated detection and raw-sample-to-result capabilities.

Abstract:

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the foodborne bacteria that widely present in seafood as well as the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis. Traditional identification of such pathogens mainly relies on culturing methods, ELISA or PCR. These methods are usually laborious, time-consuming with poor diagnosis competences, or require costly and bulky equipment though of high sensitivity. In this project, we proposed a thread-based microfluidic electrochemical biosensor for rapid and accurate detection of V. parahaemolyticus in pure culture and raw food sample.

Threads were used to fabricate the microchannel network as well as the electrodes for the electrochemical measurement. The V. parahaemolyticus aptamer functionalized MoS2 nanosheets were immobilized on the thread-based electrodes for selective sensing. A variation in charge on the surface of the electrode can be generated by the interaction between targeted bacteria and specific aptamer. The presence of targeted bacteria would result in decreased current output and the decreasing degree of which is associated with the concentration of the targeted bacteria in the sample. When used in detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the proposed biosensor had a dynamic detection range of 10–106 CFU mL−1 with a detection limit of 5.74 CFU mL−1.

Compared with traditional plate counting method, the proposed biosensor had higher detection sensitivity and less assay time (30 min), while high specificity and accuracy are kept. It can be concluded that the proposed thread-based electrochemical biosensor provides a rapid, easy-to-use, low cost and accurate method for the detection of foodborne bacteria, and it is promising for point-of-care and on-field assay. For the future developments of such microfluidic electrochemical biosensor, emphasis can be placed on the optimization of the conjugation protocol and binding chemistry of bio-receptors with viable nanomaterials to further enhance the sensitivity while withstanding regeneration conditions, multiplexed detection, regeneration of the used biosensor, integration of on-chip sample preparation unit, etc.

Biography:

Nancy Abd El-Kader Hagras received the B.Sc in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, from German University in Cairo, Egypt in 2010. She received the M.Sc and Ph.D degrees in Applied and Molecular Parasitology, Alexandria University, Egypt, in 2014 and 2018 respectively. She is currently an Assistant Professor in Pharos University in Alexandria. Her research interests cover several aspects across parasitology, nanotechnology and molecular biology aiming to create new diagnostic and treatment pathways in order to improve the health and wellbeing.

Abstract:

Background:  The wide distribution of T. gondii infection makes finding a safe and effective drug a great success. Current therapeutics do not clear parasite infection and are hampered by severe adverse effects.

Aim: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs), spiramycin, spiramycin co-administered with metronidazole and spiramycin-loaded CS NPs on the parasite load and histopathology in the liver, spleen and brain in Swiss albino mice infected with acute T. gondii (RH strain).

Materials and methods: Seventy male Swiss albino mice were divided into seven equal groups: healthy control (I), infected untreated control (II), infected group receiving CS NPs (III), infected group treated with spiramycin (IV), infected group treated with spiramycin-metronidazole (V), infected treated with spiramycin-loaded CS NPs 400 mg/kg (VI) and infected treated with spiramycin-loaded CS NPs 100 mg/kg (VII). All mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 2500 T. gondii tachyzoites RH strain except the healthy control group. Mice were sacrificed on the 8^thday for liver, spleen and brain parasite load and histopathological studies. 

Results: Parasite load and histopathological examination of liver, spleen and brain of all treated mice revealed decrease in the inflammation, congestion, necrosis and mean tachyzoites count within tissue sections. Spiramycin-loaded NPs showed the highest significant reduction in the pathological insult while spiramycin alone revealed the lowest reduction as compared to the other used drugs. Administration of either CS NPs or spiramycin-metronidazole induced a moderate reduction in the pathological changes.

Conclusion:  Based on the present research, it can be concluded that spiramycin-loaded CS NPs lead to a pronounced decrease in tachyzoites count and histopathological effects compared to the other used treatments. Thus, spiramycin-loaded CS NPs is a promising synergistic formulation in the treatment of acute toxoplasmosis.

Biography:

Firdous currently works at Microbiology Research Lab, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India as Ph.D student. He has done M.Sc Biochemistry from University of Kashmir. His research is antimicrobial resistance and current focus is molecular detection of genetic factors and their diversity conferring Colistin resistance, a last resort drug against infections caused by Carbapnemase and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. He is awarded Senior Research Fellowship from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Bill and Melinda Gates foundation scientist travel award for World Microbe Form from ASM and FEMS, and young researcher award from Scholars of India (InSc).

Abstract:

Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern. Apart from fundamental applications in clinical settings, antibiotics are extensively used in agriculture, food industry and aquaculture. Presence of antibiotics in the ecosystem, serves a potent  stimulus to elicit a bacterial adaptation response to develop antibiotic resistance. Increased use of colistin, a last resort drug due to failure of Carbapenems has possibly contributed in development and spread of resistance to colistin among Enterobacteriaceae. The colistin belongs to the family of Polymyxins, cationic lipopeptides, with broad-spectrum activity against Gram negative bacteria. In this study we obtained 370 non-duplicate bacterial isolates from sewage water and river Yamuna in Delhi and phenotypically screened for colistin resistance. Of the 59 positive isolates colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was detected among 10 isolates. Chromosomal based genes phoPQ, pmrAB and mgrB were amplified from 5 resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae; sequencing confirmed 4 isolates with wild type genotype but 1 isolate revealed missense mutation in mgrB and phoQ in phoPQ two component system. Moreover, carbapenem resistant genes blaNDM-5, blaVIM, OXA were also detected in mcr-1 postive bacterial isolates. ESBL determinants blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM were present in colistin resistant bacteria. Furthermore, group specific analysis of CTX-M reveals  presence of CTX-M-1  and CTX-M-25 among them. Antibiotic susceptibility test of all isolates against 9 different classes of drugs revealed multidrug resistant phenotype with high MIC values. In vitro transconjugation studies showed successful transfer of mcr-1 and other ESBL resistant determinants. Results of our conjugation studies further highlight the risk for dissemination of mcr-1 gene and other resistant determinates to other bacteria including clinically important pathogens.

Biography:

Pediatric HIV Observership, St. Marry Hospital, London, UK,2014. Sub-specialty in Pediatric Infectious Tehran University of Medical Sciences (1998 – 2000). Pediatric residency from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (1992 – 1995). General practitioners University of Medical Sciences (1984 – 1991). Appreciation for optimal care, prevention and control of HIV / AIDS in children at university level (Children with AIDS Focal Point). Appreciation as a top referee of the Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases at the university level. Appreciation for the production of educational content enabling family doctors in the country. Appreciation premier educational process at the university level. The superior rank of educational process in Motahari festival ,Shahidbeheshti University of medical sciences. First rank of pediatric infectious board exam in IRAN

Abstract:

Background: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) infection has appeared in China, in December 2019, then other countries all around the globe including Iran had encounters with this infection. Early symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever, sore throat, cough, illness, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain are analogous between children and adults. We have designed this study to prediction of severity in hospitalized children.

Method: This multi-central cross sectional study was carried out from March 2020 to October 2020, on 238 hospitalized confirmed COVID-19 paediatric cases in several major educational paediatric hospitals in 4 citys: Tehran, Ahwaz, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas. Medical records about epidemiologic data, past medical history, underlying diseases, symptoms, para-clinical data and treatment information were all collected in standardized forms.

Results: 38% of all patients had at least one underlying disease. 41% of patients had a history of contact with suspected or confirmed cases and 11% had participated in gatherings. Among these hospitalized patients, 59% had pulmonary involvements and 12 cases (5%) were expired. In our study, the use of antibiotics and antivirals in hospitalized children with a diagnosis of COVID-19 is 82% and 39%, respectively and also, the most prevalent clinical symptoms were fever (73%),cough(39%),vomiting(29%),diarrhea(18%), and myalgia(13%).

Conclusion: Evaluation of SGOT, CRP, ALC, LDH, WBC, O2sat, Ferritin levels in children with COVID-19 can be an indication for hospitalization, and a predictor of disease severity, helping out clinicians in the management of patients.

Biography:

Leila Azimi, PhD of medical bacteriology and faculty member of Shahid Behehsti university of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran. I am expert in molecular microbiology and we do Real- Time PCR test for COVID-19 in Mofid children hospital. It is my pleasure to participate in this scientific and valuable conference.

Abstract:

Background: Currently, the widely method of SARS-CoV-2 detection are used in clinical diagnostics. Real- Time PCR (RT-PCR) is a common molecular and accuracy method to detect the presence of viral RNA in patient’s samples. Extraction in is a consuming stage in RT-PCR, so, this study aimed to evaluated to RT- PCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 with shortened extraction method.

Materials and Methods:  In this study 95^oC for 5 minutes and centrifuge in 10000 rpm for 7 minutes was used to RNA extraction in nasopharyngeal swab of COVI-19 in suspension patients. RT- Real- Time PCR was done with commercial kit. The RNA was extracted by RNA extraction kit was used as a gold standard method for RT- PCR. 

Results: The results of this study showed that RNA extraction with temperature have acceptable results in RT- PCR as well as the RNA kit extraction in samples with CT less than 30. But samples with CT more than 30 did not have suitable results compared to gold standard method.

Conclusion: Rapid RNA extraction can prepare suitable RNA for RT- PCR in samples with high load of virus for example patients in acute phase of the disease and can prepare the PCR result faster.

Biography:

Mark Baker Doctorate (D.Phil) in Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Post-Doctoral Fellowship with UK National Physical Laboratory (UK Standards Authority) and University of Cambridge. Head of Laboratory in the Medical Research Council's Brain and Behaviour Centre, University of Oxford University and NHS's Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford. Chief Technology Officer Peerius (Episerver) - Europe's Largest AI & Predictive Analytics provider, Project lead & Scientist Johnson & Johnson. Imperial College & King's College Alum. Designs research systems running in universities such as Harvard. Associate of the Royal College of Science. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem:. Existing tests for SARS-CoV-2 like PCR slow, expensive and and the case of lateral flow insensitive. There is a need for better for flash testing and variants.

Findings: Our method detects the early immune response by looking at variation in the leucocyte ratios, a methods that we publisehed in the peer reviewed press in 2020.

Using training data from the COVID-19 Risk and Treatments (CORIST) collaboration and the Moli-Sani Project, both  from southern Italy, comprising WBC differential data for 72 positive (RT-PCR confirmed) and 4742 negative  COVID patients, respectively, two variations of the test were applied. Algorithmic ensemble CLDC 21-04- SE optimized for sensitivity  has a sensitivity of 97·29% and specificity of 67·95%. Algorithmic ensemble 21-04-SP has a sensitivity of 81·82%  with a specificity of 96·50%.

Using data from the Regional Service for the Epidemiology and Surveillance of  Infectious Diseases database, a longitudinal cohort study of 379 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19  admitted at the Italian National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” (INMI), in Rome (Italy). The  21-04-SE algorithm showed a sensitivity of 98·64% during the first seven days during symptom onset and 96·73%  sensitivity for data taken over 21 days after initial symptoms. The 21-04-SP algorithm showed a sensitivity of 79.0%.

Conclusion & Significance:

We have a robust repeatable test for SARS-CoV2 with a turnaround time of 30 seconds for a self-test from patient presenting to getting a positive or negative result. The ability to turn around tests very rapidly and de-skill the data collection promises to have a massive impact on COVID worldwide. The fact that no test laboratory is needed, just a smartphone, and the tests can be carried out by an unskilled individual gives a huge improvement. 

Biography:

Currently Samanta Strojeva is studying for a master's degree at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Biology. Last year, she successfully defended her bachelor 's thesis about "Involvement of HHV-6 infection and proinflammatory cytokines in autoimmune thyroiditis development". Next year Samanta Strojeva will defended her master’s thesis about SARS-CoV-2. For almost 2 years she is working in RÄ«ga Stradiņš University as a senior laboratory assistant. In March 2021, Samanta Strojeva successfully defended her thesis in RSU research week 2021 about “Formation of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in dynamics”. At the moment, she is working in fundamental and applied research project of the Latvian Council of Science 2020/2-0069 “The role of human herpesvirus-6 infection and alcohol abuse in the development of neuroinflammation”.

Abstract:

The previous studies have demonstrated that the central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to alcohol induced changes, for example, alcohol increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease by affecting Substantia nigra (SN). Also called the “Black Substance”, it is the dopaminergic neurons rich part of the basal ganglia located in the midbrain.

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a linear double stranded DNA virus, infection is ubiquitous and can induce various neurological diseases. HHV-6 replicates most efficiently in activated primary T cells, however, studies show that the virus can also replicate in a wide array of host cells, for example in monocytes, macrophages, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. The aim of the study is to detect the presence of HHV-6 in SN region of chronic alcoholics and healthy individuals.

Post mortem tissue samples of SN grey and white matter from 42 individuals (control group, age matched alcoholics and non-age matched alcoholics) were analysed in this study. DNA was extracted using blackPREP FFPE DNA kit. To detect viral genomic sequences and variant, we were using nPCR technique. Viral loads were detected using HHV-6 Real-TM Quant kit. Fluorescent immunohistochemical staining and confocal microscopy were applied.

The presence of HHV-6 DNA was detected in 19,05% (8/42) of the SN region. All positive HHV-6 FFPE tissue samples were from alcoholic individuals. In white matter HHV-6 was detected in 62,5% (5/8), and in grey matter – 87,5% (7/8) out of HHV-6 positive cases. All control individuals were HHV-6 negative. HHV-6B variant was detected in all positive individuals. Viral load was detected in the one alcoholic individuals’ white matter – 101207,97 copies/1x10⁶ cells. HHV-6 immunopositivity was detected in both grey and white matter.

These findings provide evidence that HHV-6 can integrate and replicate in the SN region. In addition, the evidence from this study shows then the potential role of HHV-6 and alcohol use may affect brain homeostasis.

Biography:

^{My name is Andreea Florentina Stoenescu, I am a resident doctor in my 4th year, in the specialty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases ``Dr. Victor Babes`` from Bucharest, Romania. My areas of interest include pediatric infectious diseases but also tropical ones.}

Abstract:

Introduction

Although SARS-COV2 infection is more common in adults, many cases have been reported in newborns and infants.

Method

Retrospective study, on a group of newborns and infants with SARS-COV2 infection, admitted to ``Dr. Victor Babes`` Infectious and Tropical Diseases Clinical Hospital, from Bucharest, between 9^th March 2020 and 9^th March 2021.

Results

Out of the 151 patients, 62% were male. 4 patients were newborns. More than 3 quarters (76%) had contact with a family member diagnosed with COVID19.

The most common symptoms were fever in 78.8% cases and digestive manifestations in 44.3% cases. 31.1% associated dry cough and rhinorrhea was present in 13.2% cases. During hospitalization, 11 infants associated skin manifestations (micro-maculo-erythematous rashes), later remitted in the course of the disease.

From a hematological point of view, leucopenia was present in 13.2% cases. Biochemically, hepatocytolysis eas most common in 78.8%. 30.4% of the patients associated mild inflammatory syndrome.

Radiologically, no lung lessions were detected in 44% of the cases. In the case of the other patients, there were changes such as accentuation of the interstitial pattern (46%), the presence of condensation foci and opacity, being rare.

The median of hospitalization days was 8. The clinical evolution was favorable none of the patients required transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit for intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion

SARS-COV2 infection in newborns and infants may manifest in mild forms with a predominance of digestive manifestations, with a favorable evolution under symptomatic treatment.

Biography:

Vladimir Zajac has completed his PhD. in 1982 at the Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava (Slovakia), where he worked as the Head of Department of Cancer Genetics from 1996 to 2010. He joined the Medical Faculty of the Comenius University as Associate Professor of Genetics in 2007. He has published 74 papers mostly in reputed journals and he was editor of the book Bacteria, viruses and parasites in AIDS process“ (In Tech, 2011).

Abstract:

Every virus is a parasite that cannot exist on its own and is fully dependent on its carrier. This is the basic condition of its existence.  The parasite must have its host, and thus is a living cell, but it is generally claimed that the virus can exist without a carrier for 2 to 5 seconds, during which it is transmitted to another species. The primary carrier, however, cannot be host organ cells because they could easily damage them. In terms of the mechanism of existence and transmission, the following could be the most suitable carriers of the virus: bacteria, yeast or other single-cell organisms. Based on work with bovine leukosis virus (BLV) in the stables, we monitored the course of infection in healthy animals and concluded that a bacterial cell can be the host of the virus. We tested this assumption and confirmed the results. This idea was then tested on the HIV model n the laboratory of Prof. Flossie Wong-Staal, UCSD. Even with this virus, we have been able to prove that its host may be bacteria, or yeasts.

Based on our achieved results and inventions, rectal swabs were taken from persons who overcame the infection with a new coronavirus at the Institute of Clinical Microbiology at the Faculty Hospital Nitra (Slovakia) under the leadership of  Prof. MUDr. Anna Liskova, PhD. The obtained results confirm that out of a cohort of 30 tested persons, only five patients (17%) did not show signs of presence of the novel coronavirus in their stool more than 12-30 days after overcome the infection, as proven by RT PCR tests. The remaining 25 subjects (83%) still had presence of coronavírus in their stool more than 12-30 days after overcome the infection.  The results show that most patients still have the virus in their stool, ie in the intestinal tract, after overcoming the infection. Under optimal conditions, the new coronavirus can multiply and expand from the host. The wearer thus becomes an infectious, which can infect other people. This process very probably represents the second wave of infection. It is therefore recommended that these people strictly adhere te necessary hygiene. Strict adherence to the recommended measures will radically reduce the number of newly infected people and victims.

The detection of the novel coronavirus in the intestinal tract of people who overcame the infection 2-4 weeks before being tested raises a fundamental question: in what form does the virus exist in the tract? A virus such as a parasite cannot exist on its own, cannot reproduce and cannot be transmitted to another organism. It therefore must have a carrier. So, what carriers does the virus use to persist in the intestinal tract, but also throughout the body? Can they be bacteria or yeast, or some other single or multicellular organisms? By identifying the carrier or carriers of the virus and their subsequent elimination, we also eliminate the virus. And that may bring the epidemic to its end. 

Biography:

Works internationally for several medical and biotech companies as scientific advisory board member and is also an active reserve-officer of the Royal Dutch Navy in his rank as Commander (OF4). For the Dutch Armed Forces he is CBRNe specialist with focus on (micro)biological and chemical threats and medical- and environmental functional specialist within the 1st CMI (Civil Military Interaction) Battalion of the Dutch Armed Forces. For Expertise France he has managed from 2014 to 2019 an EU CBRN CoE public health project in West Africa. He is visiting professor at the University of Rome Tor Vergata giving lectures for the CBRN Master study.

In his civilian position he is at this moment developing with MT-Derm in Berlin (Germany) a novel interdermal vaccination technology as well as a new therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis for which he has won a Canadian ‘Grand Challenge’ grant. With Hemanua in Dublin (Ireland) he has developed an innovative blood separation unit, which is also suitable to produce convalescent plasma for Ebola Virus Disease therapy.

He has finished both his studies in Medicine and in Biochemistry in The Netherlands with a doctorate and has extensive practical experience in cell biology, immuno-haematology, infectious diseases, biodefense and transfusion medicine. His natural business acumen and negotiation competence helps to initiate new successful businesses, often generated from unexpected combinations of technologies.

Abstract:

One Health is global and has to be respected as the biggest threats are the emerging zoonotic diseases. We will encounter more often the biothreats as we travel more and with an increasing dense population f the world, the spread of infectious diseases goes faster and over a bigger area. The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 is a an example of an emerging pathogen, which has spread all over the world. This nasty virus is discovered in humans almost two years ago and has created a lot of fear and economic damage.

It is of utmost importance to do research on the new emerging contagious diseases and to keep biosafety and biosecurity well organised in the laboratories where this research is done. To train the biothreat awareness and biological management is very important.

Tools to monitor, detect and identify the threat of new emerging zoonotic diseases is getting more important together with diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of the victims of new pandemic causing pathogens.

Classical microbiological identification techniques are too slow or unspecific for prompt reaction on an outbreak of an new emerging disease, which is at that moment unknown. To detect ‘pathogenicity islands’ in a virus or bacterium is more important in this phase than to identify the organism. The zoonotic micro-organism most probably is mutated naturally or in a laboratory and therefor not identifiable with existing ‘classical’ techniques.

New gene-extraction techniques and new analysers, which give  a kind of fingerprint of the threat, are developed and these new techniques will be important to monitor the safety of the environment.

Biography:

Malaz I. Ibrahim, a 24 years old female and a 6th year medical student at university of Khartoum, faculty of medicine. has 2 published papers and one oral presentation in the international level. She has been also credited with contributions in many volunteer work and been a head of one of the programs of SAMER which is students research organization.

Abstract:

Problem statement:

In December 2019 a novel coronavirus has been emerged in Wuhan city, China.(1, 2) To date COVID 19 has spread to almost every continent in the world, infecting millions and producing thousands of deaths. Although it was anticipated that Africa would suffer a huge loss of life, the number of COVID-19 cases have been proportionately low across the continent. (3,4)

Methodology :

This analytical cross sectional, community based study that carried in Sudan during the 2nd wave of COVID-19, patients who were diagnosed using RT-PCR, CT Chest or blood tests and gave an ethical consent to participate were included, using Slovin’s Formula(5) the sample size was calculated and 100+15 %(n=444) was collected. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23.

Results:

This study set out to study the natural history of COVID-19 disease. It included 444 patients, their mean age was 32.77 years. 51.4% had a history of contact 14 days prior to their infection, despite that 62% of them has a good adherence to the preventive measures . fever is the most common symptoms, unlike the published literature on common symptoms headache and anosmia and aguesia were identified to be more prevalent in 64%. 63.7% had a mild or asymptomatic course of disease while 14% had severe or critical illness . Nearly 23 of the patients had a good functional outcome, and there is significant correlation between functional outcome and disease severity (p=0.000). Respiratory and cardiovascular complications have been demonstrated by the patients, interestingly some of them suffered problem in taste and smell, chronic headache and malaria following their infection.

Conclusion:

Fever has identified as the most common symptom , loss of smell and taste was prevalent in 63.4%. Further studies need to be carried out in order to validate the nature of COVID-19 in Sudan.

Biography:

Huang Wei Ling, born in Taiwan, raised and graduated in medicine in Brazil, specialist in infectious and parasitic diseases, a General Practitioner and Parenteral and Enteral Medical Nutrition Therapist. Once in charge of the Hospital Infection Control Service of the City of Franca’s General Hospital, she was responsible for the control of all prescribed antimicrobial medication and received an award for the best paper presented at the Brazilian Hospital Infection Control Congress in 1998. Since 1997, she works with the approach and treatment of all chronic diseases in a holistic way, with treatment guided through the teachings of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Hippocrates. Researcher in the University of São Paulo, in the Ophthalmology department from 2012 to 2013.Author of the theory Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine. Author of more than 40 publications about treatment of variety of diseases rebalancing the internal energy using Hippocrates thoughts.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem:

There are many articles in the literature demonstrating that the epidemiology of infectious disease did not evolve from a single discipline but from a complex scientific views. From 19 to 20^th century, old concepts have been revised and new ideas have been added.

Purpose:

To demonstrate that patients that have infectious disease have energies deficiencies in the chakras’ energies centers that are causing weakness state of the immune system Leading to a weak Zheng-Qi in traditional Chinese medicine. This lack of energy is inducing the formation of internal Heat, that is the energy imbalance leading to the formation of internal Fire, resulting in the adherence of bacteria in the cells and systems and the treatment using antibiotics is only treating the manifestation of the disease as like the tip of the iceberg but the root of the problem is not still being treated.

Methods: 

Through articles that the author published regarding treatment of variety of infectious disease , including community and hospital infections , all without using any antibiotics, she is demonstrating in all her articles that the infections are only the manifestations of internal energy disharmonies and the treatment only rebalancing all these energies, through the use of correct diet according to Chinese dietary nutrition and the use of auricular acupuncture associating with apex ear bloodletting and replenishing the chakras’ energy centers with homeopathies medications, according to the theory Constitutional Homeopathy of the five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine were enough to treat this infections  

Results: 

All treatments including community and nosocomial infections  proposed by the author, only rebalancing the internal energies of Yin, Yang, Qi and Blood and taking out the internal Heat,  was done with success without the need of  using any  antibiotics.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of this study is that patients with signs and symptoms of infections have energy deficiencies behind the infectious symptoms and the treatment of these energy imbalances using Chinese dietary counseling ,auricular acupuncture associating with apex ear bloodletting and replenishing the energies using homeopathies medications according to the theory Constitutional Homeopathy of the Five Elements Based on Traditional Chinese Medicine are very important tools that the physician can use nowadays, in patients with infectious diseases symptoms.